1. Practical atheist - The most numerous and most emotional of the atheists family. Sila yung mga "to see - is to believe". Ang kanilang "proof" is base mainly on a mass appeal. Example, "bakit ng ni rape ang madre, wala doon ang diyos mo para tulungan sya?" Sa madaling salita, a practical atheist is who believe that the god-concept is not living on his expectation.
2. Philosophical atheists
These are atheists who carefully considers the logical absurdities of the triune god, or the simultaneous attributes of omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence, or the question of, "If god had to exist in order to make the universe, then who made god?" or the claim that all religions make to have a pipeline to the absolute truth, even though they are all different from each other, or the contradictions in the bible and every other religious text, and then has the audacity to decide that logic and reason are more important than belief and faith, and chuck god out the window, much in the same way a seven-year-old decides to eschew Santa Claus and his warp-speed reindeer. Most atheist I met arein this variety. makikilala sila kasi sila yung mga atheist na nagbabasa ng Bible, Koran at iba pang sacred scripture and compare them. sabi ng iba sila ang "new school" of atheism. Sabi nga sa book , The New Atheism by Robert Morey (Executive Director of the Research and Education Foundation),
|"They did not sit up night after night feverishly trying to formulate attacks
against religion. They simply ignored religion" (p. 25). This irrational rage
motivates some of them to read the Bible, frantically searching for ways to
attack it. Obsessed with the need to debunk the Bible, they cannot rest until
they have rooted out all faith in the Bible as God's Word.
Unfortunately, most modern atheist find the need to expose what the Bible is, and not as what some believers think about it. Since the existence of god cannot be logically proved or disproved, the logical atheist has to make a stand one way or the other."|
3. Scientific atheists
The smallest group so far, this group is also the most recent, although some members of this tribe existed in ancient Greece. These folks often start with the position of philosophical atheism and then, due to their scientific training, realize that the actions of a "god" have no place in a any scientifically-controlled experiment. Martin Garnder is an example of this type; so is Eugenie Scott, with her idea of "methodological naturalism." Among such "limited naturalists," scientific atheism is assumed to work only so far; there is always "something" that can't be explained by it, and every proponent of such a limited naturalism has a different dividing line. The fact that all of science works so astonishingly well makes for a strong, solid, and well-tested atheism of great depth and power. It realizes that, while the god hypothesis has never been directly tested, the negative evidence against it is so extensive that one can only hold onto a belief in god out of sheer perversity -- and such negative evidence continues to mount with every success of science. Unicorns and dragons are, at this point, far more probable than god.
4. Reared atheism:
People who have been brought up as atheists are quite rare indeed. Ito yung ang tatay at nanay nila ay mga atheist din kaya naging atheist sila.
5. Buddhism and Jainism
A way of living based on the teachings of Siddartha Gautama. Buddhism is an atheistic religion. Buddhist theology does not rely on or need Gods, nor do Buddhist ethics or teachings involve Gods. The Buddha says,
"Gripped by fear men go to the sacred mountains, sacred groves, sacred trees and
shrines ~ Dhammapada 188"
In the prominent book, "The Varieties of Religious Experience", William James says on page 50: "There are systems of thought which the world usually calls religious, and yet which do not positively assume a God. Buddhism is in this case. Popularly, of course, the Buddha himself stands in place of a God; but in strictness the Buddhistic system is atheistic". From The Gifford Lectures delivered at Edinburgh 1901-1902.
Buddhist did not believe in a God because there does not seem to be any evidence to support this idea. There are numerous religions, all claiming that they alone have God's words preserved in their holy book, that they alone understand God's nature, that their God exists and that the Gods of other religions do not. Some claim that God is masculine, some that she is feminine and others that it is neuter. They are all satisfied that there is ample evidence to prove the existence of their God but they laugh in disbelief at the evidence other religions use to prove the existence of another God. For centuries, men have prayed to God for protection from war, from natural calamities and disease. Yet till today, these prayers remain unanswered. This is not surprising. Even less surprising is that so many different religions having spent so many centuries trying to prove the existence of their God there remains no real, substantial or irrefutable evidence.
Buddha's teaching that the God-idea is a response to fear and frustration. The Buddha taught to try to understand our fears, to lessen our desires and to calmly and courageously accept the things we cannot change. He replaced fear, not with irrational belief but with rational understanding.
The third reason why Buddhist did not believe in a God is that the belief is not necessary. Some claim that the belief in a God is necessary in order to explain the origin on the universe. But this is not so. Science has very convincingly explained how the universe came into being without having to introduce the God-idea. Some claim that belief in God is necessary to have a happy, meaningful life. Again we can see that this is not so. There are millions of atheists and free-thinkers, not to mention many Buddhists, who live useful, happy and meaningful lives without belief in a God. Some claim that belief in God's power is necessary because humans, being weak, do not have the strength to help themselves.
6. Humanistic Judaism
A form of Judaism which does without God.
7. Humanism
This philosophy of life understands the world without using any supernatural ideas.
Literary Humanism is a devotion to the humanities or literary culture.
Renaissance Humanism is the spirit of learning that developed at the end of the middle ages with the revival of classical letters and a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine for themselves truth and falsehood.
Cultural Humanism is the rational and empirical tradition that originated largely in ancient Greece and Rome, evolved throughout European history, and now constitutes a basic part of the Western approach to science, political theory, ethics, and law.
Philosophical Humanism is any outlook or way of life centered on human need and interest.
Sub-categories of this type include Christian Humanism and Modern Humanism. Christian Humanism is defined by Webster's Third New International Dictionary as "a philosophy advocating the self-fulfillment of man within the framework of Christian principles." This more human-oriented faith is largely a product of the Renaissance and is a part of what made up Renaissance humanism.
Modern Humanism, also called Naturalistic Humanism, Scientific Humanism, Ethical Humanism and Democratic Humanism is defined by one of its leading proponents, Corliss Lamont, as "a naturalistic philosophy that rejects all supernaturalism and relies primarily upon reason and science, democracy and human compassion." Modern Humanism has a dual origin, both secular and religious, and these constitute its sub-categories.
Secular Humanism is an outgrowth of 18th century enlightenment rationalism and 19th century freethought. Many secular groups, such as the Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism and the American Rationalist Federation, and many otherwise unaffiliated academic philosophers and scientists, advocate this philosophy. Religious Humanism emerged out of Ethical Culture, Unitarianism, and Universalism. Today, many Unitarian- Universalist congregations and all Ethical Culture societies describe themselves as humanist in the modern sense.
8. Christian Non-realism or Contemporary Christian Humanism
A form of Christianity which does without an external God. This is the belief that God exists merely as an expression of that we take as wholesome and good in society. In short, our highest ideals are expressed as God.
9. Rationalism
An approach to life based on reason and evidence. A general term applied to a system of opinions deduced from reason as distinct from supernatural revelation, and is so wide in its meaning as to embrace various schools of thought, such as Agnosticism, Freethinking, Secularism, Ethicalism, etc. (Not all rationalist are atheists.) The aim of Rationalism is knowledge and truth -- discarding all supernatural revelation as superstition; morality -- as being necessary for the organization of social life, not for the sake of a reward hereafter; and universal happiness and prosperity -- not misery, wretchedness, and poverty to please an imaginary deity, the extent of whose pleasure is measured by the depth of misery into which the object of his supposed creation is thrown.
10. Philosophical Skepticism
A critical attitude which systematically questions the notion that absolute knowledge and certainty are possible, either in general or in particular fields. Philosophical Skepticism is opposed to philosophical dogmatism, which maintains that a certain set of positive statements are authoritative, absolutely certain and true. halos pareho yan ng scientific skepticism.
11. Metaphysical Naturalism
a term coined by philosophers for any worldview that holds that nature is all there is.
12. Methodological Naturalism
A philosophical tenet that, within scientific inquiry, one can only use naturalistic explanation - i.e. one's explanations must not presuppose the existence of supernatural forces and entities.
13. Materialism
Philosophical materialism (physicalism) is the metaphysical view that there is only one substance in the universe and that substance is physical, empirical or material. Materialists believe that spiritual substance does not exist. Paranormal, supernatural or occult phenomena are either delusions or reducible to physical forces.
14. A logical positivist (or a logical empiricist)
regards metaphysical theories as stricktly meaningless.
15. Epistemological atheism
Knowledge of god is impossible.
There are several subcategories:
SKEPTICAL ATHEISM: (based on Hume, although Hume was not atheist) Since one cannot be certain of knowing anything, one cannot know of the existence of God.
LOGICAL-POSITIVE ATHEISM (Ayer): Any statement about a transcendent being is fundamentally meaningless.
LINGUISTIC-ANALYSIS ATHEISM: Since the term "god" cannot be defined, it cannot have meaning.
OBJECTIVIST ATHEISM (Ayn Rand): Proof of anything about god has never been satisfactorily given.
16. Ethical Atheism or Existential Atheism (Sartre, Camus)
Because life is absurd, there is no god. The idea of god is inconsistent with the idea of freedom.
17. Psychological Atheism (Feuerbach): Ideas of god are simply of psychological origin.
18. Sociological atheism (Engels, Bakunin): Ideas of god are false because they have caused social repression.
19. Pragmatic atheism: Ideas of god are not useful, therefore they must be false.
20. Metaphysical atheism (d'Holbach, Marx): Since only matter exists, god - being immaterial - cannot exist.
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